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The skin is covered by the diaper, more or less sensitive depending on the child, suffers from lack of air, moisture and ammonia from urine, take care of it avoids many problems. - The major drawback of disposables is that they provide a false sense of confidence, driven largely by advertising, which leads many parents to not change them until they are completely soaked. Moreover, besides saving a lot of work, are actually more effective than their predecessors. But for many it is their absorption capacity, change diapers as soon as possible is the best way to prevent skin problems covering. - The urine is much more irritating than the stool, so to wait to change diapers soiled with them is often late. - No need to wake your baby to change him, but you should check if you need to do every time you wake up. - When the diaper is just wet or stool just dirtied the baby, just wipe with a damp towel or a little warm water. In general, wash with soap and water is necessary only when the stools are very detached or diarrhea. - Abuse of soap removes the natural protective layer of the skin, though the pads are very convenient away from home, should not be used routinely. - Protective ointments (petroleum jelly and zinc oxide) act by isolating the skin, and should use them at night when the baby begins to sleep more hours without food and will demand more time wet or dirty, but if you have a skin normal is not necessary to systematically put ointment every time you change.
If it begins to irritate the diaper area:
Ensure that it is changing quickly.
Using a simple protective ointment (without antibiotics or antifungals).
Ensure that air out, loosening the diaper or leaving it with the ass in the air, lying on an open diaper or towel to absorb the urine.

          

Care and monitoring

When cutting the umbilical cord stump is that blackens and dries even detach the two or three weeks. To that during this process does not become infected, most important is not cured in one way or another, but always keep it as clean and dry as possible, preventing it from getting dirty with feces or urine. To do this:
- Ensure that the diaper does not cover, folding down the top edge if necessary.
- At least twice each day, one of them after the bath, it is recommended cure alcohol of 70 º. To apply it correctly, is to lift the stump without stretching, grasping for the tip to expose the transition zone between the string and normal skin, which is what should be wet. Leave the gauze soaked with which he protects with alcohol can be irritating to the skin.
- Quite a few specialists prefer that during the first days after the alcohol (or instead) should apply an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine ("white Mercurochrome), although there are also recommending not to put anything.
- There was unanimous agreement that they should avoid products with iodine, because its absorption may influence thyroid function, and any powder or dust. The normal Mercurochrome (or Mercurochrome) were not used, because it can make greater contact dermatitis are allergic to mercury and, in addition, its color makes it difficult to assess the state of the navel.
- If you accidentally soiled with feces, flush freely with water and soap, then drying it very thoroughly and apply antiseptic alcohol or indicated by the pediatrician. Although rare, infections can spread very quickly umbilicus in the newborn, so you should consult quickly if there is pus or foul-smelling yellowish discharge, or skin around the navel becomes red and sore to the touch or appear handled in the area.

Consult your pediatrician if ...

... 3 weeks still has not fallen off the umbilical cord.
... four days after falling, even stain the gauze.
And quickly if ...
... observed yellow or smelly secretions.
... the skin around the belly button looks red and sore.
... bleeds continuously.

The remains of the cord is released during the second week of life, but may do so before or take up to a month, even if 20 days has not fallen, it is best to see the pediatrician. In no case should stretch to finish it off, for it is the finest thread that has been reduced, since it might cause dangerous bleeding. You may bleed a little to shed naturally, but in this case, the bleeding stops on its own immediately. After the fall of the cord, the risk of infection persists until the navel has not completely healed, so you should continue with the same care and monitoring until the gauze that covers it appears clear for a couple of days. This is especially important in so-called amniotic navels, in which the skin does not stand out but are sunk, because it makes them less ventilated and is also more difficult to assess their condition. Once healed, the navel can and should be washed in a normal, if accumulated dirt in their folds, be separated without fear in order to clean and dry them well.

And types of navel hernias

Whether they have been strapped or not, some babies have umbilical hernias, fortunately, the smallest and currents do not cause discomfort, do not choke and almost always close by themselves at 3 or 4 years. There navels with a lot of skin ("skin") and others who fall below the level of the abdomen ("amniotic"), but that approach either end does not depend on where you cut at birth, or where it is put the clamp, but of nature.
It is useless to try to flatten coins to the navel and the bands only make sense in the early days, when they can help keep in place the clip and the gauze, but then can not cause more than discomfort and do not serve to reduce the size or the navel or to prevent herniate.  

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Colic or colic in the first quarter is a picture of unknown cause, characterized by excessive crying for no apparent reason, featuring a baby day be perfectly healthy. It usually begins around the second week of life and persists until the third or fourth month. Daily, often from sundown until the wee hours, but also at any other time, the child begins to mourn so, inconsolable crying and stretching their legs as if it hurt his stomach, which can be seen somewhat curved and full of gas often eliminates in the form of flatulence. These signs were led to believe that the cause of crying was the intestinal muscle spasms, and hence be known as "colic", but there is no certainty that way. Babies are not able to locate the pain, and swallowing too much air when they cry, so that, despite appearances, the problem need not arise in the digestive tract. Fortunately, Notodo crying children every evening suffering from a colic. It is common for between six and twelve o'clock at night the babies are more nervous (and more tired parents) and is accepted as normal to cry for up to three hours to six weeks, declining thereafter until one or two hours a day to three months.

It is possible that the same mechanisms that explain the tears considered normal (your child's stress and anxiety of parents) have resulted in very sensitive infants more bulky box and prolonged colic, and is effectively the intestine with very irritable, but truth is that there is still no satisfactory explanation in this regard. Probably the colic is also a catch which include various issues. Some cases could be explained by an allergy to cow's milk (the bottle, or taking the mother breast-fed) and a reflux it should cause no visible regurgitation of milk would be able, however, produce an annoying burning your baby's esophagus, but in reality, these children do not suffer a true colic, but a process that merges with it.

OVERCOMING colic. Assuming that is a problem of unknown cause and there is no medication or cure for this issue dramatically, there are, however, a series of recommendations that can make it lighter and easier to bear, always, of course, indications of the pediatrician, who, for example, may create convenient to start by ruling out an allergy to cow's milk. - If it is raised to the chest, remove any excitement of the mother's diet. While small amounts of caffeine do not usually affect the baby, in these cases should be abolished entirely coffee, tea and drinks that contain at least on a trial basis. - Fighting the flatulence or bloating Colic in the first quarter or infant Ensure that the child swallowing air as possible with a bottle (teat is always full of milk and the appropriate size hole) and burp well after the shots, as well as a medication defoamer if the pediatrician recommends it, minus the influence of gases can take your case.
- Anticipating the problem. In many cases, the crying starts almost mathematically the same time so that if you take for a walk in the stroller for a while before, it may take the critical moment asleep. - Rule out other causes quietly weeping. Although it is known from experience that there is hunger and heat, or dirt, or the lack of company which makes him mourn, routinely check with a calm attitude, talking softly, trying to convey confidence and trust. - Apply techniques methodically reassurance. Pacifier, movement, touch, massage, music or sounds can calm him down more or less temporarily. Walking with the baby in the backpack, cradling or rest with him lying on the belly is usually most effective. - Always keep in mind the conviction that the child is healthy. Colic in the first quarter or infant If frustration and exhaustion that causes the baby's inconsolable crying are added doubts about his health, will be almost impossible to maintain the calm that should convey. This requires the doctor to confirm that indeed it is colic and to monitor the evolution of the child. - To accept the baby's crying and go with him. To claim that street as only serves to put more nervous he is suffering. On the contrary, a sympathetic and patient may be helpful. - Rest and get help. It is essential to achieve the difficult hours with maximum available energy and help to take turns.

The full-time baby, with less help and fewer visits to the hospital, can lead to apparent anomalies are discovered that were not appreciated (or really did not exist) at birth, as well as new questions arise.


A) NEW FINDINGS

Skin - Half of babies born with a spot on the body. The most common are flat angiomas, also known as cravings, stork bites or angel kisses, are common in the root of the nose, eyelids, forehead and neck. Is a flat, red or salmon, formed by dilated blood vessels visible through the skin, which are intensified by crying and heat. Always disappear within a year and half of life, no more than 5% of the neck, which persist throughout life, but are concealed by hair.

- The strawberry or tuberous angioma is another relatively common vascular malformation, which, unlike the port-wine stain, is bulky. Does not usually appear at birth but within a few weeks and can make it anywhere in the body, but more often on the scalp, back and chest. It consists of clusters of blood vessels and, during the first six months of life, tends to increase in size, sometimes very rapidly, then stabilize and stop spontaneously but slowly disappearing, leaving only signal. After nine years, the skin has normalized in 95% of cases or, at best, is a little wrinkle or depigmentation.

Baby - At birth or shortly thereafter, many babies are seen in the lower back, buttocks or thighs, one or more blue or gray spots of different shapes and sizes, sometimes enormous, very similar to purple causing a stroke and are called "congenital nevus." They are also known as Mongolian spots, "because when first described, were believed to be characteristic of the Mongolian ethnic group, but in fact are very common among blacks and Asians, but also in children from Latin America and southern Europe, and in general, darker-skinned populations. In some cultures were believed to signal the kick that gave the higher spirits of souls who did not want to reincarnate, to force them to return to earth ...

They are due to the accumulation of pigment-laden cells and can persist for months or years, but with the passage of time always clear and usually disappear completely before the ten years. Only minimal cosmetic problem and, of course, have nothing to do with Down syndrome or mongolism or any disease. - On the second or third day of life, nearly half of them infants begin to sprout small red spots, sometimes with a raised central area as a white or yellow blister, similar to bites. This is known as toxic erythema or toxo-allergic rash. Despite what is often, in ancient Mesopotamia, was described, its cause is not yet known with certainty. It mainly affects the trunk and its main characteristic is the vanishing of the lesions, which disappear from one place to appear in another few hours. After two weeks at most, the problem just without any treatment. - The persistence of the hormones that have arrived during pregnancy make that about 20% of babies have pimples on the cheeks and forehead, very similar to adolescent acne.

Baby Again, babies should burst, as this could infect them. Disappear spontaneously during the first three months, leaving no sign. - The outer layer of the skin, which has protected the fetus from the amniotic fluid, moisture is no longer necessary after birth and is apparent from the second day in a physiological process known as scaling, particularly striking in the legs and feet but can be seen anywhere in the body. In those born after 40 weeks of pregnancy and the low weight, can be a very exaggerated, but it is a normal phenomenon that just before two weeks. - During the first months, it is normal that the skin appears mottled areas, marble-like and so called "cutis marmorata, which correspond to an irregular distribution of blood in those areas.

It is seen in parts exposed to cold, but their presence does not indicate that the baby should be warmer.
Head Baby - Usually due to a difficult delivery, or by the application of forceps, bleeding may occur on the surface of a skull bone, usually the parietal, called cephalhematoma and is manifested by a bulge that is formed in the baby's head hours after birth. Usually requires no treatment and blood takes two weeks to three months to be reabsorbed, but should be measured and controlled by the pediatrician. - Increases the size of the fontanelle can put the pediatrician on the track of a disease, but the fact that birth is very large, if the head size is normal, it means nothing, except it's probably going to take longer time to close. Continually bulging fontanelle may indicate an excess of pressure inside the skull. In the dehydration, the opposite happens and the fontanel sinks. But both situations are accompanied by other severe symptoms. It is normal for bulging fontanelle, especially when they cry, and also being seen up and down as if thump, when they are sucking hard or you are holding them upright.

Baby - The duct through which tears drain into the nose may be obstructed in some babies, causing excessive tearing soon be added to the gummy and repeated infections. To fix this, is usually sufficient antibiotic drops and massage to re-channel the channel, but while this problem is benign and not very urgent when a baby, as well as tear, the light bothers you, should be assessed urgently by a specialist. - The ears stick out (or bellows), tend to be more discreet as the child gets older. In any case, can be corrected after the five years through a simple operation. The classic home remedy of attaching them with tape to the head is useless.

- In the gums and palate of the newborn is frequently seen with a whitish or yellowish nodules the size of a grain of rice, called nodules of Bohn or pearls of Epstein, according to whether the gums or palate. They are small keratin cysts, which disappear within a fortnight. A pearl of Epstein occasionally be confused with real teeth. It's very rare but possible, because a baby can be born and a tooth or you can grow one during the first month of life. As in these cases are poorly anchored, must be removed to keep the baby swallow. - After a shot, remaining milk may be inside the baby's mouth, but if they are strongly attached and can not be easily detached from the fingertip, what happens is you have an infection of the oral mucosa caused by a fungus called Candida albicans, known in many places such as thrush, the white and mottled appearance that the flowers of this plant have.

Although some children do not seem to have trouble because of it, can hinder their food, so they must be treated, usually with an antifungal gel and dipping the pacifier (if used) in water after boiling bicarbonate. The pediatrician will also check the diaper area is free from signs of a yeast infection because fungi grow easily wetlands. If you are nursing, you should also put the mother antifungal ointment on your nipples, which, in all probability, will also be infected.

Trunk - It is very rare for a baby boy or girl, has an extra or supernumerary nipple, which in most cases is atrophied and no more than a spot of color, located a few inches below the normal nipple. These are errors that nature is responsible for stopping and never increase in size, so that only intervenes for cosmetic reasons when input are highly developed. - A broken collarbone, no stranger to difficult deliveries, may be overlooked in the hospital and discovered with the passage of days, when forming and bulking the corn to be welded to the bone. In the newborn, even cured without specifying detention and only one must be careful to manipulate the arm on the affected side, to avoid being hurt. - The tip of the sternum (xiphoid process) is very flexible in newborns, so often seen as if it were an isolated bump above his stomach, something smaller than a pea, but is totally normal .- To be continually bent limbs, is often not visible, but all newborns have bowed legs or in parentheses (). They will correcting over time, to the point that, after two years, her normal appearance is exactly the opposite (legs in X).

Caused most often by the compression suffered during pregnancy, the galloping of the toes disappear over time. When on the contrary it is an inherited defect, is persistent and sometimes requires the help of the orthopaedist to prevent friction with the footwear. Baby - Due to the position in which they were in the womb, two of every hundred babies are born with their feet or a little bone in a normal position. In the case of the feet, there are defects such as "metatarsus varus" or "club foot", which require treatment, sometimes even surgery.
But when it is possible to rectify the deviation of the foot without bringing it to normal force (even though back then diverted) must be corrected spontaneously, although occasionally recommend exercises to speed up this process.

B) TYPICAL QUESTIONS

Coat It is practically impossible to determine the amount of clothes to bring a baby, because the temperature and humidity around him are variable and changing. It should be borne in mind that the natural tendency is to coat too, so that in everyday practice is more common with excess heat from the cold. The most simple and useful rule is to cherish as much as I would like anyone who is in place, without forgetting that they are quiet and that means producing less heat and need a little more than shelter. Depositions Baby Once you have expelled meconium for four or five days are the so-called transitional stool, which, as its name suggests, have some characteristics of the first meconium stool (dark green, pasty, sticky), but will gradually more like normal baby. Anyway, can not say that there is only one type of normal stool, as their number, color and consistency vary with each baby depends, above all, if you take breast or bottle.

Breastfeeding:
They can take as many depositions as, at first, 8 or 10 each day.
They are detached, lumpy and yellow, like a mayonnaise cut.
It is normal for mucus and lead can also be something green.

With artificial feeding:
They do not usually make more than two or three a day.
Are more consistent, as an ointment.
Its color is yellow.

Pink stain in the diaper The first baby's urine is highly concentrated and often carry large amounts of urate, which stained pink diaper more or less intense, diffuse or forming a more concentrated speck, which often look like blood alarm. It is easy to make it disappear by scraping with a fingernail, which shows that there is blood and there is no reason to worry, though if it appears beyond two or three days of life, means that the urine remains highly concentrated and is likely to the baby is getting little fluid, ie little milk.

Hiccup Know what is best for babies hiccup is that they do not seem to bother them. In principle, hiccups may indicate an incomplete removal of gases that swallow when eating, so much as to try to prevent it passing, we must facilitate burping the baby, placing it vertically with the abdomen resting on the shoulder of the person to keep it in her arms and pat on the back.

Sneezing A tiny speck of dust or a small change in temperature or humidity is able to sneeze newborns, because the lining of your nose is extremely sensitive. Sneezing will serve to keep the nose clear. They can also be the sign of a cold, but in this case would be annexed at least a lot of mucus and nasal obstruction.

Wheeze Baby Breath sounds as persistent wheezing should be evaluated by the pediatrician, an emergency meeting if the baby has difficulty breathing or fatigue despite having his nose clear. However, it is often a bit of mucus in the throat of the baby noises originate, when transmitted through the bronchi, seem to come from her breast and even note to put your hand over it, causing natural alarm. In general, the noise actually originated in the bronchi are persistent and do not disappear when changing the position of the neck, while the other, called "noise transmission of the upper airways, stop hawking heard after changing the neck from side .

Shocks Baby Sometimes the baby raises his arms at once, as if there was a scare ... Does that mean something bad? Shocks are normal, often for no apparent reason, and quite common to leave them naked when they are caused by a noise, sometimes at least, are super to know that they hear well, but at other times may not flinching despite a monumental mess.

Trembling chin Of course, if accompanying the tears are a sign that the child is suffering, but otherwise, do not indicate any disease.

Blood Group When parents do not recall the fundamental laws of genetics, blood group of the children may find it surprising and even alarming, for example, if the child is "0" being the parent "A" and mother "B", or Rh negative when both parents are Rh positive. To understand how this is possible, we must remember that for every feature of our body there are two genes that contain the information that determines it, one from the mother and one father. Referring to the AB0 system, this means that while a person AB, necessarily has a gene A and one B, and a 0 must be 00, the A can be AA or A0, and B, BB or B0 (the factor 0 indicates the absence of A and B, hence, a person with the genes A and 0, is A, and has the B and 0, is B). Thus, when a father has the genes to A0, and mother B, B0, their children are as likely to be A and B, AB or 0. In the case of Rh, Rh-negative person is necessarily "- -", which is positive but may be "+ +" or "+ -" two-parent positive "+ -" one of every four children will negative.

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