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Child jars of fruits and meat with vegetables.

They fulfill their function have been analyzed Baby feeding three children of assorted fruit jars and three other meat with vegetables, in both cases, Hero, Nestlé and Blédina. They are sold in 250 gram jars, with prices ranging between 504 and 636 cents per kilo. The most expensive fruit jars were those of Nestlé, go to 628 cents a kilo, while the Hero and Blédina cost of 588 cents a kilo. Nestlé is also the jar of meat with vegetables more expensive, to 636 cents per kilo. The Hero is cheaper, to 504 cents a kilo, and more cost Blédina, 596 cents a kilo. The jars are complementary feeding to breastfeeding, which is introduced from the fourth or sixth month of the child, in order to complete the supply of energy and nutrients the baby needs. They also help the child to discover new tastes and learn to chew and swallow.And all those tested were incorrect and were in good health and hygiene. The fruit variety is made with peach, apple and banana, or others such as apricot, orange and pineapple. These fruits are added water or juice and sugar. Noted for their high moisture content and low in fat and protein. The majority are nutrient carbohydrate (20%), but contain enough minerals (like iron and magnesium) and vitamin C.

The chicken and beef with vegetables are prepared primarily with vegetables like carrots, tomatoes and peas, plus potato cooking water, and of course, chicken and beef. They also contain vegetable oil and salt. This variety is characterized by more moisture, fat (3%) and protein (5%), and fewer carbohydrates (7%). In addition, because the meat, protein is of higher biological value than the fruit jars. In general, the six samples contained small amounts of salt (0.1% on average in the fruit and 0.3% in the meat with vegetables), while starch represented from 0.4% to 5%. This starch is due to both the ingredients (like potatoes) and the addition of flour or starch thickeners purposes. Moreover, in three samples (in the meat with vegetables Hero and both varieties of Nestlé) found small amounts of gluten, well below the 200 ppm (parts per million) established as the limit for food called "gluten free ", although now deck to reduce the limit to 20 ppm (value not exceed). Finally, the labeling was correct, but not comprehensive enough in some samples, despite that include nutritional information, age measured in months from where you can manage and instructions for proper preparation and maintenance.

Blédina is the only sample that includes quantitative ingredient list, which indicates the percentage of each of the ingredients, and it is very interesting in these jars. Blédina those distinguished by their higher humidity and lower percentage of carbohydrate and caloric value. Likewise, the content of iron and magnesium, as well as some B vitamins, was higher. In Hero and Nestlé, the vitamin C content was higher. Nestlé showed higher protein and calorie intake, while the percentage of carbohydrate was higher in Hero, which also showed a greater amount of meat protein. On the other hand, iron and magnesium content was higher in the variety of meat with vegetables and, within it, the jar of Nestle. When choosing the best value for money in the jars of fruit stands Blédina (588 cents per kilo), for his important contribution of vitamins and minerals and also their labeling is best. On the other hand, is its lower caloric intake, which contribute less to meet the high energy requirements of the baby.

In the meat and vegetable, Hero, the cheapest, is an attractive option, but also the other two are: Nestlé because of its greater contribution of minerals and Bledina by labeling and by their lack of gluten. Feeding Baby Food in the first year of life of a child is very important, because growth and development is very fast, and, consequently, your body's nutritional requirements are very high. Feeding during the first year of life is divided into two stages: until the fourth or sixth month, and after one year. In the first, is based on milk feeding, artificial (powdered infant formula), or a combination of both (mixed feeding). However, from fourth-sixth month it is necessary to increase the amount of energy and introducing new foods, as the physiology of the infant begins to be more developed. Thus, we appeal for inclusion in the diet of semi-solid foods, while maintaining lactation, usually artificial (formula below). Semisolid food supplement intake of certain nutrients, and helps introduce the child into the habit of chewing and swallowing, and the positive reception to new flavors, aromas and textures.

          

What are the jars of fruit sugar.

The jars of fruits have a very high moisture content, 75% of Nestlé and 83% of Blédina. The fat and the protein is very low (between 0.2% and 0.6%). Carbohydrates are the primary nutrients, being more on Hero and Nestle (20.5% and 24% respectively) than in Blédina (15%.) This difference may be due to the addition of sugar by the first two marks, according to them their tagged. The legislation provides that in these jars of fruit the carbon hidratios should not represent more than 20% in the "bowls of fruit and 25% in the" fruit desserts. " No sign contravenes the provisions, because Nestlé is presented as a dessert fruit. As for the caloric value is higher in Hero and Nestlé (around 100 calories per 100 grams) than Blédina, probably due to the added sugar.
We analyzed two: iron and magnesium. Blédina is rich in both, especially in magnesium (108 ppm, compared to 78 ppm and 88 ppm Hero of Nestlé). As for vitamins, the analysis has focused on vitamin C and in those of group B, specifically in the B5, B6, and niacin. Again, Blédina presents a higher content of these vitamins that Hero and Nestlé, which is due to external addition of these vitamins by Blédina, according to their labeling. The exception is vitamin C, also added Hero and Nestlé, and the content is higher in both samples, especially in Nestlé. Moreover, the chloride content (indicates the amount of salt) is very low (0.1%) in the three samples. Hero and Nestlé contain some amount of starch (1.1% and 2.7% respectively), used as a thickener or gelling agent.

It has also analyzed the presence of gluten protein fraction of cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oats, whose presence in the diet is not recommended for infants under six months, in children with celiac disease, gluten can cause problems. In Blédina found a modest amount (13 ppm) of gluten. All jars look on their labels studied the mention of "gluten-free foods." Currently, the law allows this rating to products containing less than 200 ppm gluten. However, it is claiming a reduction in the ceiling. A proposal by the Ministry of Health proposes a maximum of 20 ppm for gluten-free products naturally (when none of its ingredients it takes, as with these jars). In any case, the levels of gluten found even this would not exceed the proposed new limit.

Baby food chicken and beef with vegetables

The moisture content is higher in chicken and beef with vegetables in fruit and the fat, protein and minerals. By contrast, the carbohydrate is significantly lower. The calorific value of chicken and beef with vegetables (in any sample exceeds the 85 calories per 100 grams) is also below the fruit. The salt content, however, is higher, although still very low (about 0.3%). The moisture content is very homogeneous, around 83%, and fat as well (between 2% and 3%). The legislation imposes a maximum fat (6 grams per 100 calories), observed that the three samples. The protein content differences were detected. Stresses Nestlé (6.9% protein compared to 4.5% and 4.9% Blédina Hero). Hero contains more carbohydrates (8.4%) than Blédina and Nestlé (between 6.5% and 7%). With regard to ash content, is also similar. However, in terms of the two minerals were, more iron and magnesium in meat and vegetables, jars of Nestlé. The lower content of both minerals accounted Blédina.

If we look at the meat component, the value of total creatine provides some idea of the amount of meat used by the manufacturer. It is similar in Blédina and Nestle and slightly higher for Hero. Moreover, the analysis of meat species identification showed that only used in these jars of chicken and beef, as is required. In the standard interpretation is that the beef must represent at least 25% of the total meat and beef and chicken should represent more than 10% by weight of product. Bledina only indicates the percentage of each type of meat and meet, she says, as dictated by the standard. The analysis revealed the presence of starch (may come from the ingredients themselves or added as a thickener) in the three samples, and even higher proportion than the jars of fruit. The starch was moderate in Nestlé (2.7%), and higher in Blédina (3.8%) and Hero (4.9%).

With regard to hygiene and health status of these children's consumer products, is necessarily flawless. This is the baby food will be consumed as such in the case of fruit jars, and after a slight warming in the chicken and beef with vegetables. So they have to meet almost sterile to avoid damaging the delicate balance of young people. The results showed no or almost no presence of germs in the six samples, so that the microbiological status is correct. Labelling or could be improved. The labeling of foods for people with special needs should collect more information than a meal "normal", and include nutritional information, instructions for preparation and storage before and after opening, recommendations for the proper use of the product, plus Common indications as the expiry date, batch, net weight ... .)

But only the ingredients specified Blédina quantitatively interesting in jars of meat with vegetables, which contain ingredients of various types. They also include in their entries labeled as "no sugar added" (in fruit), or "no salt added" and for meat and vegetables. As we know, excessive intake of sugar and salt is not beneficial for the baby.
The labels feature such legends as "gluten free" (in all samples and varieties), "without egg" (in all but in Blédina fruits), "without milk" and "lactose" (except in Blédina). No child should be given to foods with gluten before 6 months, or egg before 12 months. As lactose is harmful only to infants who manifest intolerance that component.
   * We have analyzed three fruit jars infant and three other meat with vegetables, Hero, Nestlé and Blédina. All in jars of 250 grams, cost between 504 and 636 cents per kilo.
    * They are a supplementary feeding to breastfeeding from the fourth or sixth month the child, and serve to supplement the supply of energy and nutrients the baby. They also help to discover new flavors and learn to chew and swallow. All perform their function, are correct and hygienic-health is satisfactory.
    * The fruit known for their high moisture content and low in fat and protein.
    They have more moisture, fat (3%) and protein (5%) and less carbohydrate (7%) than fruit. And its protein is of higher biological value.
    * Three samples were small amounts of gluten acceptable in products like these, called "gluten free."
    * The best value for money in fruit jars is Blédina (588 cents per kilo) for their supply of vitamins and minerals, not to add sugar and its better labeling. In the meat and vegetables, Hero, the cheapest, is an interesting option, but also the other two are: Nestlé because of its greater contribution of minerals and Bledina by labeling and by their lack of gluten.

COMPARATIVE TABLE
NESTLE Blédina HERO
Designation Fruit salad Assorted fruit dessert fruit 6
Price (pts / kg) 588 588 628
Declared net weight (g) 250 250 250
Real net weight (g) 251 251 250
Humidity (%) 83.4 78.7 75.1
Fat (%) 0.2 0.3 0.2
Proteins (%) 0.5 0.3 0.6
Carbohydrates (%) 15.5 20.4 23.8
Calories (kcal) 66 86 99
Ash (%) (1) 0.4 0.3 0.3
Iron (ppm) 3.9 3.2 2.7
Magnesium (ppm) 108 78 88
Vitamin B5 (mg/100 g) 0.4 under 0.02 under 0.02
Vitamin B6 (mg/100 g) 0.5 0.05 0.05 less than
Niacin (mg/100 g) 1.8 0.4 0.8
Vitamin C (mg/100 g) 16 34.7 43.8
Chlorides (%) (2) 0.1 0.1 0.1

Gluten (ppm) (4) 13 ND ND
Microbiological State Right Right Right
NESTLE Blédina HERO
Designation Chicken and veal Chicken and beef gardener chicken with vegetables and beef with vegetables
Price (pts / kg) 596 504 636
Declared net weight (g) 250 250 250

Humidity (%) 85.0 83.8 82.2
Fat (%) 3.3 2.2 3.3
Proteins (%) 4.5 4.9 6.9
Carbohydrates (%) 6.4 8.4 6.9
Calories (kcal) 73 73 85
Ash (%) (1) 0.8 0.7 0.7
Iron (ppm) 4.3 July 1910
Magnesium (ppm) 98,110,131
Chlorides (%) (2) 0.3 0.3 0.2

Gluten (ppm) (4) ND 20 14
Total creatine (mg / g) (5) 1.15 1.49 1.18
Carnica species (chicken and beef) Positive Positive Positive
Microbiological State Right Right Right

(1) Ash: report of the mineral content.
(2) Chlorides: indicates the amount of salt (% NaCl).
(3) Starch: carbohydrate whose presence may be due to some ingredient, or the addition of thickener capacity.
(4) Gluten: protein component of some grains such as wheat, oats, barley and rye. It is recommended that is not in any infant's diet until 6 months of age
(5) total Creatine: indicative of the total quantity of meat in the product.
One by one, six jars infant Blédina (mixed fruits)
    
    * The best value for money. The more water and less carbohydrate and lower calorie intake. More iron and magnesium than others. More Vitamins B than the other two, but less vitamin C. The less starch (0.4%), but the only one with gluten, although very little (13 ppm). Two positive things: it is the only one without added sugar and which lists the ingredients in a quantitative way.

    * Sale to 588 cents a kilo, the cheapest, with Blédina.
    * Average moisture content and carbohydrates. Enough iron and vitamin C. Something less magnesium than the other two. No gluten.
Nestlé (mixed fruits)
    
    * Less moisture and more carbohydrates (24%), so their calorie intake is higher (99 kcal/100 g) to the other two samples.But also the more starch. No gluten.
Hero (chicken and beef with vegetables)

    * Sale to 504 cents a kilo, and is the cheapest and an interesting option. Less fat (2.2%) than the other two, but more carbohydrates (8.4%).
    * Is the sample with more meat protein. Enough starch (4.9%).

Blédina (chicken and beef with vegetables)

    * Sale to 596 cents a kilo, the average price.
    * It has the highest humidity (85%), and, together with Nestlé, the largest amount of fat (3.3%). Less iron and magnesium than the other two. According to its labeling, is the only B vitamins added And also the one that expresses its list of ingredients indicating the percentage of each. No gluten.

Nestlé (chicken and beef with vegetables)

    * Sale to 636 cents a kilo, the most expensive.
    * Less humidity (82%) than the other two, and more protein (7%). Your calorie intake is higher than the rest, as well as iron and magnesium content. Is to reduce starch. Gluten was detected (14 ppm) in an amount acceptable.

 

Sugar in the "jars" of fruit  From the fourth or sixth month of life baby, it is necessary to increase the amount of energy in their diet by introducing new foods. The "jars" are semi-solid foods in addition to fulfilling this function, help the child to discover new flavors and learn how to swallow.

The "jars" of fruit, with sugar

Fruits are rich in vitamins, it is appropriate to include fruits in the diet of infants from four to six mesesde age. This does not mean that the fruit be substituted for the milk as the baby must be provided sufficient amounts of protein and calcium. It is therefore desirable that both foods are present in their food. The fruit jars are fairly balanced option from the nutritional point of view and very comfortable, since it does not require any preparation. However, these fruit preparations usually contain added sugar, an ingredient that would not be necessary if one considers that the fruits are naturally sweet foods. Looking at the nutritional labels made exclusively for fruit jars can be seen that the nutrients are present in greater amounts are the carbohydrates in these products are mostly simple sugars such as fructose, a fruit sugar and sucrose .

In some fruit jars of 250 grams the amount of sucrose can be almost 40 grams. This amount is due to the amount of sucrose contained in fruits and sugar is added in the preparation of these prodcutos. In other cases, the amount of sucrose is lower (around 20 grams of sucrose in a jar of 250 grams), but always high compared with a fruit puree homemade that it does not add sugar. To a layperson in matters of diet and nutrition, check this data is not easy, since in many of the jars of fruit nutrition labeling does not indicate the amount of sucrose, so that you can not know how much added sugar has the product. In such cases it is helpful to look at the ingredients list and see if the jar has sugar or not. If so, we must look at the place on the list, since the ingredients are listed in descending order, ie the first is present in greater numbers, while the latter appears in lower amount .

Despite the diversity of ingredients used in both fruit jars as in cereal, meat, vegetables or fish, they do not reach the variety of homemade purees. In addition, landlords may conform more to the tastes of the baby and the quantity and quality of ingredients used is known, so that in the case of fruit, can be prepared without sugar or with an amount lower than that used in commercial baby food , getting a taste equally nice for the baby. Also present in the baby food market with no added sugar. They usually have a slightly higher price, however it is interesting to know that they are one more option to consider. Drawbacks of excess sugar an excessive amount of sugar in the diet of infants have different disadvantages. First, the sugar containing "empty" calories. This means it contains calories but no longer nourishes it does not add vitamins, minerals, or any other nutrient than sucrose. Also, if the baby gets used to make sweet foods more difficult to accept other flavors, so maybe in the case of fruit, reject the real taste test, especially if it is the most acidic such as oranges.

Transgenics in baby food: how to avoid them

The presence is negligible and is due to contamination hardly avoidable. Only two of the 107 food products tested contained GM material, the content was minimal. We analyzed 107 processed foods, in order to identify those containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or their derivatives, and, where appropriate, quantify the extent to which he was the GM content. It also examined whether products containing transgenic material met the standard for labeling. Although there are a variety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the most significant among us are three corresponding to corn (Bt-176, Bt-11 and Mon-810) and one for soybeans (RR-soybeans). The analysis examined these GMOs, the four authorized in the EU but for products intended for human consumption are allowed only two: the RR-soybean and Bt-176. Have included the Bt-11 and Mon-810 because they are the most commonly grown in Europe.

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is obtained by introducing a DNA fragment from one species into the DNA of another. This will get the same main body but with the added information from another species. For the EU to support a GM for use in the field of food has to overcome to meet some protocols and stringent security controls. The test results are very representative of the penetration of GM food market These 107 products are not chosen randomly, but because, by including corn or soy ingredients, or some of its derivatives-are among the most likely to contain GMOs. The data presented in the analysis are therefore representative of the penetration of GM food market. Regarding the methodology used in the analysis (PCR chain reaction polymerase), based on the latest developments in technology for GMO detection, the qualitative technique (which detects the presence or absence of GMOs) is the one validated at European level, while the quantitative technique (which determines, as a percentage, the amount of total GM corn or soy in it) is used and endorsed by the CSIC, reference body at Spanish. Both are the most common and well accepted by the scientific community. Therefore, are techniques that offer the most reliable results.

The main conclusion of the analysis is that only two products (ie, less than 2% of those studied) found the presence of transgenic maize in both cases, and a tiny presence, twenty times less than 1% of its content in maize, the proportion from which Community legislation requires that the product report as containing GMO labeling. These two products had what is technically known as "cross-contamination or accidental, very difficult to prevent by the manufacturers. This is because it is almost impossible, to date, secure and standardized the total absence of GMOs in food. There are two main reasons: one, that there are transgenic crops in many countries, thus encouraging the various modes of contamination and two, to ensure the total absence of GMOs constant for manufacturers would be a complex and costly monitoring of each product from origin to offering for sale, would also have to demonstrate its real effectiveness in practice. On the other hand, the two products with traces of GM labeling violated the ban, since they are not required to be identified as GM did not exceed 1% GMO content of maize and soybean.

Why the cross-contamination occur

In the crop is cross-contamination can result in both planting and at harvest, which are made by machinery which must be thoroughly cleaned when switching between working with genetically modified plants to unmodified plants. Another possibility of contamination is pollination, which is produced either by insects or through the air itself. The only way to reduce the possibility of occurrence of this cross-pollination between transgenic and non-GM crops is to use biological or physical isolation: it is advisable, for example, that using GM crops and those who do not use them there is a range exceeding 200 -400 meters and on the other hand, to respect a period of more than 4 days difference in flowering between the two types of culture. We can not guarantee the absolute absence, and permanent in time, of transgenic material in processed foods

Furthermore, GMO contamination may occur in transporting raw materials to the factory. The displacement of the seed is usually done in large deposits which must be thoroughly cleaned between charges (think container ships of large tonnage) that there is no contamination between GMO seeds and devoid of them. Finally, may also bring such contamination inadvertently in the processing of products. Some companies produce both food GMO raw materials and without them, using different raw materials but the same machinery. To avoid contact between raw materials GMO and GMO-free, these machines must be cleaned thoroughly, paying special attention to the pipes and holes difficult. In conclusion, avoid cross contamination is extremely difficult even for manufacturers committed to providing GM-free food. Turning to the results ...

Both transgenic positive detected by the analysis were a breakfast cereal (corn balls covered with honey, Kellogg's) and a snack of corn, Grefusa. In the latter product is detected 176 and Bt-Mon-810, both corn and in minute quantities (0.02% and 0.048% respectively), whereas corn balls covered with honey, Kellogg's, was detected Mon-810, also in a minimum amount (0.032%). The Mon-810 is approved in the European Union to industrial and farming, but is not approved for use in food. In the two cases have been detected traces of genetically modified corn, manufacturing companies showed a standardized implementation CONSUMER controls at both the raw materials delivered by suppliers and in the process, in addition to the supervision of foreign entities that review and certify that their raw materials do not use GMOs, and that makes it possible to avoid contamination in the process of developing their products. Alongside these actions, both companies (like many others in the food sector) are beginning to introduce production system traceability, and strict monitoring and control, detailed and documented, the quality of each product from its origin to keep up to sale. In this way, are ahead of the new draft regulations in the EU working on GMOs.

This analysis also examined six pet food products. Only two of them ("Food for dogs with beef vegetables, Pedigree, and" Complete food for cats with beef, lamb and rabbit, the Supreme Whiskas) detected the presence of GMOs. In the Pedigree, the diagnosis is "cross" because it contained only traces (0.09% of RR-soybean), but in that of Whiskas, the proportion was higher (6.63% of RR-soybean) . Most likely, the soybean contains an ingredient, it is of transgenic origin. In any case, no breach of regulations because the law does not require labeling of GM food for animal feed.

What are transgenic in baby feeding

The biotechnology revolution is based on the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), basic molecule found in all the genetic information of the individual, whose structure was discovered in 1953, being thereafter when the first tests performed genetic modification made in laboratory (in vitro). These techniques have been applied in agriculture, medicine, environment and food industry allow the transfer of genes between different species, in addition to speed and discuss possible changes that are generated in order to reduce the randomness inherent to nature. The boom phase of GMO was created in 1994 when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA official institution regulating food safety issues and medication) authorized the marketing of the first plant with a gene foreign to the natural that species: the tomato "Flavr-Savr" Calgene company, which slows down the softening characteristics of the tomato.

GMO is defined as "an organism, with the exception of humans, in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination." (EU Directive 2001/18/EC). This alteration in the genetic material may be due to the introduction, removal or modification of their genes. GMOs are considered living organisms capable of reproduction. For example, soybeans. Soy is a legume used as a protein source in animal and human nutrition, whose seed can form new plants. The products derived from GMOs, if however, have been manipulated so that only contain genetically modified material, but no living organisms. The example is soy lecithin, obtained from successive refined oil content in soybeans, used primarily as an emulsifier. The term transgenic very often used, is a special case of GMOs: the agency that has voluntarily introduced foreign genes for their genetic material because of the lack of them.
The social debate on GMOs

The incorporation of GM foods has led to market on social and scientific debate about the benefits and damages reported. Without being an exhaustive description can be summarized as follows. The main drawback of GMOs in agriculture are reducing production costs and improving quality of vegetables. Some transgenic plants improve the quality of conventional: the organoleptic characteristics (color, flavor, texture, ...), the increased durability of delaying fruit ripening process, delaying the softening of the food, or revising its content fatty acids. Other advantages include increased resistance against pests of bacteria, fungi, insects, nematodes and viruses that affect crops. More advantages: greater tolerance to herbicides, the reduced need for water and therefore more resistant to drought, the reduction of nitrate existing in the plant, and greater resistance to extreme temperatures Concerning the Possible Negative Effects of the most important GMO can be divided into three groups according to their effect on human health, the environment or the economy.

The negative impact of GM foods on the health of people caught by the extensive study, since they are not supported by scientific findings demonstrated, because if many studies allowed to keep suspicions would not have been authorized for cultivation and production . Anyway, it is speculated the possibility that antibiotic resistance genes found in GMOs may be transferred to humans, animals and bacteria nullifying the effect of antibiotic drugs. Also speculating with the emergence of new diseases and possible alterations in the human body's immune response (allergy problems caused by the appearance of novel proteins expressed by DNA manipulation, the human body would not recognize: the proteins are mainly responsible of allergies and we consider the possibility that the introduced DNA encode new proteins), and possible nutritional imbalances unexpected, although one of the evidence sought in the safety evaluation of GMOs is that the new product be substantially equivalent the non-transgenic, including its nutritional properties.

As for the environmental damage that can cause food-producing transgenic and apparently supported by both the reality as scientific tests-were responsible for the uncontrolled spread of GMOs, which they possess genes that confer advantages over plants can compete with conventional mixed in them, in what would lead to a decrease in plant biodiversity and the emergence of herbicide-resistant plants. Finally, between economic and social damage resulting from transgenic crops highlights the increasing dependence of the agricultural sector with the technology package consisting of genetically modified seeds and plant protection products specific to what it means for farmers strategic dependencies before a small number of multinationals producing transgenic plants and seeds. Thus arises the fear of the great power wielded by a small number of business groups that control the food production system from gene itself to the supermarket shelves, leaving little autonomy to the farmers. These multinational corporations (who have invested for years in biotechnology research millionaire) sell your product with a tax technology which involves the payment of property rights and patent.
How to create genetically modified plants

Numerous methods have been developed to integrate foreign DNA into plant cells in order to process or incorporate new features. The methods used in the processing of agricultural crops approved in the EU are based on the use of biological and physical methods of delivery. To obtain a transgenic plant is to be entered into the DNA of a species genetic information comes from another, for which you perform the following steps: First identified the gene that is to be inserted into the plant to be modified. This gene may be from another plant, a bacterium, virus or even an animal. Subsequently, this gene is isolated. Once isolated, the introduction of the gene in the plant cell plant can be done by biological vectors (using bacteria as transport) or by using physical methods (which is introduced directly.) Biological vectors.

The isolated gene is introduced into a plasmid (short sequences of DNA found outside the chromosome). Subsequently, this construct is inserted into a bacterium of the genus Agrobacterium (with ability to infect plant cells). Once inserted, the bacterium is introduced into a nutrient medium in which cells are plants belonging to the plant to modify, which are infected with the bacteria-plasmid gene introducing them. The cell, and with the plasmid inside, multiplies in the laboratory. Physical methods. The most used is the bombing of microbeads, directly incorporating the DNA into the cell or plant tissue. In this case, are upholstered thousands of microscopic metal particles with the gene you want to incorporate. These bodies are introduced into a system called "gene gun" that shoots the DNA of plant cells at high speed like projectiles. The internal cellular fluids plant cells, wash the metal component and the DNA enters the cell nucleus where it forms part. Subsequently, the cells multiply in the laboratory.

Not all plant cells in which a gene has been introduced, it is incorporated properly within the cell's own DNA. By not being able to distinguish with the naked eye a modified plant cell that is not essential is the inclusion of marker genes that give them resistance to antibiotics or herbicides in the cell culture medium. Thus, when applied to all antibiotics or herbicides cells, those in which no gene has been inserted properly presented no resistance, so that they die, thus selecting cells in which genetic modification has formed . Finally, these cells, as modified, are grown on land, where plants grow like normal, but obtaining a genetically modified plant.
The methodology used in this analysis First, there was a blending of two units of each food product in order to analyze a representative sample of each of the 113 analyzed. After this step, we proceeded to the extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using different protocols depending on the type of food. This gene is subjected to PCR reaction (polymerase chain), which determines only the presence or absence of transgenic material. If undetected, it is considered that the food is free of transgenic genes. And if there is a positive, quantification of GMOs by another type of PCR, based on the same theoretical basis but uses a different strategy that determines the percentage of existing GMO in the sample. PCR reaction (Polymerase Chain) PCR is a method of analysis based on the detection and amplification of specific DNA fragments by a pair of short sequences of DNA (primers) which limit the region to be amplified. CRP is composed of three successive steps are repeated a certain number of cycles and that mimics the replication process that occurs in nature:

1. DNA separation
2. Primers binding
3. Extension

This technique is made possible by the action of different temperatures to separate the strands of DNA and facilitate binding of the primers and polymerase action. Release of GMOs There are a number of security procedures that should be applied to any GM who wants to be authorized for use in a given country. These are very similar throughout the world and apply gene to gene. Basically, these procedures mainly deal with:

* To examine all the genetic material introduced
* Assess the risk of gene transfer to other plants or organisms
* Examine the safety of gene products.

The designer of GM has an obligation to provide a pure reference material, and mixtures with known concentrations with the sequences of interest and that systems based on PCR technology require detailed information on the integrated gene sequences and those accompany him in order to develop the detection of it.
By far, everything refers to the principle called "substantial equivalence" developed by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) and recommended by the FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture) and WHO ( World Health Organization). It consists of the systematic comparison of all the properties (composition, nutritional properties, toxin and allergen content, uses in human food or animal, type of processing, consumption by vulnerable groups, impact on the environment) of the transgenic plant, cultivated in different places at least two seasons with the unmodified parent strain cultivated with transgenic strain. According to this principle is evaluated positively, among others, both in the European Union approved for food use: RR soybean and Bt-176 maize. European legislation on GMOs GM products must meet the criteria established by the European directive of 1997: "necessary and useful, safe for human health and the environment, and that its characteristics are those declared and, moreover, is maintained over time" .

Under the legislation, labeling is one of the most debated aspects of affecting genetically modified foods. According to the rule, is required to tag all those whose ingredients (including additives and flavorings) containing at least 1% of GMOs, considering it to be noted on the label stating "made from soya / genetically modified maize." This limit is intended to exclude the accidental presence of GM ingredients in conventional foods due to inadvertent contamination. Products intended for animal feed, for now, are not required to include such a legend on the label even if they exceed 1% of genetic material in its composition. There is a large discrepancy in legislation regarding the labeling of genetically modified organisms and derived products, leading to large differences and in some cases, contradictory situations. For example: USA, the largest producer of GM, does not require labeling of foods containing GMOs authorized even if its content exceeds 1%. This situation creates great difficulties in the European Union, which requires special labeling for the content exceeds 1%, having to establish separate production lines of transgenic and non transgenic elements at the time of importation. This situation is aggravated in products such as soybeans. The European production deficit this seed makes us dependent on imports, which usually takes place in Latin American countries whose production is mostly of soy.

The controversy also extends to detection systems of GMOs in food. The qualitative technique is validated at European level, the detection of GMOs is made with the same technique (qualitative PCR) and with the same criteria across the EU. Regarding the quantitative technique, there is no consensus on the methodology and the unification of criteria for analysis disagreements may arise in the results. Practical problems in the detection of GMO are based on several aspects, which are initiated in the crop itself. There are cross-contamination, either by pollination of transgenic plants in unmodified crops, or by sowing seeds of transgenic plants are not controlled. Moreover, the legislative development is slow and often alien and unrelated to daily production practices. Another point to discuss, and can be considered a drawback is the large number of GMOs that may enter the market without control with the consequent difficulty of detection, because changes are not known.
The regulations are being developed in the EU address such crucial points and discussed as traceability (tracking all steps in the manufacture of food, from raw materials used to its placement at the point of sale) of GMOs. These include controlling future laws to be applied in all phases of marketing both products consisting of or containing GMOs as food or feed produced from GMOs including additives and aromas. In this line, is considering a system for development and assignment of unique codes to GMOs.

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